What does a full lifecycle assessment show?

A full lifecycle assessment (LCA) covering cradle-to-grave (modules A1–C4 per EN 15978) consistently shows timber structures with 30–60% lower global warming potential than equivalent steel structures. The advantage is largest at the production stage (A1–A3) where timber's low processing energy and carbon storage dominate.

A full lifecycle assessment (LCA) covering cradle-to-grave (modules A1–C4 per EN 15978) consistently shows timber structures with 30–60% lower global warming potential than equivalent steel structures. The advantage is largest at the production stage (A1–A3) where timber's low processing energy and carbon storage dominate. At end-of-life (C3–C4), the comparison depends on assumptions about recycling rates and energy recovery. When module D (benefits beyond the system boundary) is included — crediting recycling and energy recovery — both materials improve, but timber typically maintains its advantage.

Why this matters

This question relates to Timber vs Steel: Full Lifecycle Environmental Comparison, which covers the broader topic in detail. Understanding this specific aspect helps architects, builders, and timber dealers make informed specification decisions.

For full context and additional technical detail, see our comprehensive guide:

→ Timber vs Steel: Full Lifecycle Environmental Comparison

Related questions

• Which has lower embodied carbon — timber or steel?
• Is steel more recyclable than timber?
• How do timber and steel compare for operational energy?

About this answer

This answer is part of the PuurModulair Knowledge Base — comprehensive timber specification guidance for architects, builders, and dealers across the UK, EU, and Scandinavia.